Thursday, September 25, 2008
Monday, September 22, 2008
For other persons named Bill Gates, see Bill Gates (disambiguation).
William Henry Gates III
Bill Gates at the World Economic Forum in Davos, 2008 Born October 28, 1955 (1955-10-28) (age 52)Seattle, Washington, U.S. Residence United States Alma mater Harvard University (dropped out in 1975, honorary degree in 2007)[1] Occupation
Chairman of MicrosoftCo-Chair of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Net worth
▲US$58 billion (2008)[2] Spouse(s) Melinda Gates (1994–present) Children Three Signature
WebsiteBill Gates
Wikinews has related news:
Bill Gates
William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955 in Seattle, Washington, USA)[3] is an American business magnate, philanthropist, the world's third richest person (as of Feb. 11th, 2008),[2], the richest American (as of Sept. 17th, 2008),[4] and chairman[5] of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect, and remains the largest individual shareholder with more than 8 percent of the common stock.[6] He has also authored or co-authored several books.
Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. Although he is admired by many, a large number of industry insiders criticize his business tactics, which they consider anti-competitive, an opinion which has in some cases been upheld by the courts.[7][8] In the later stages of his career, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000.
Bill Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January, 2000. He remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect. In June, 2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work at Microsoft and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie, chief software architect and Craig Mundie, chief research and strategy officer. Gates's last full-time day at Microsoft was June 27, 2008. He remains at Microsoft as a part-time, non-executive chairman.
Early life
Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, to William H. Gates, Sr. and Mary Maxwell Gates. His family was wealthy; his father was a prominent lawyer, his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way, and her father, J. W. Maxwell, was a national bank president. Gates has one older sister, Kristi (Kristianne), and one younger sister, Libby. He was the fourth of his name in his family, but was known as William Gates III or "Trey" because his father had dropped his own "III" suffix.[9] Early on in his life, Gates's parents had a law career in mind for him.[10]
At thirteen he enrolled in the Lakeside School, an exclusive preparatory school.[11] When he was in the eighth grade, the Mothers Club at the school used proceeds from Lakeside School's rummage sale to buy an ASR-33 teletype terminal and a block of computer time on a General Electric (GE) computer for the school's students.[12] Gates took an interest in programming the GE system in BASIC and was excused from math classes to pursue his interest. He wrote his first computer program on this machine: an implementation of tic-tac-toe that allowed users to play games against the computer. Gates was fascinated by the machine and how it would always execute software code perfectly. When he reflected back on that moment, he commented on it and said, "There was just something neat about the machine."[13] After the Mothers Club donation was exhausted, he and other students sought time on systems including DEC PDP minicomputers. One of these systems was a PDP-10 belonging to Computer Center Corporation (CCC), which banned four Lakeside students—Gates, Paul Allen, Ric Weiland, and Kent Evans—for the summer after it caught them exploiting bugs in the operating system to obtain free computer time.[14]
At the end of the ban, the four students offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for computer time. Rather than use the system via teletype, Gates went to CCC's offices and studied source code for various programs that ran on the system, including programs in FORTRAN, LISP, and machine language. The arrangement with CCC continued until 1970, when it went out of business. The following year, Information Sciences Inc. hired the four Lakeside students to write a payroll program in COBOL, providing them computer time and royalties. After his administrators became aware of his programming abilities, Gates wrote the school's computer program to schedule students in classes. He modified the code so that he was placed in classes with mostly female students. He later stated that "it was hard to tear myself away from a machine at which I could so unambiguously demonstrate success."[13] At age 17, Gates formed a venture with Allen, called Traf-O-Data, to make traffic counters based on the Intel 8008 processor.[15]
Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the Scholastic Aptitude Test[16] and subsequently enrolled at Harvard College in the fall of 1973.[17] While at Harvard, he met his future business partner, Steve Ballmer, whom he later appointed as CEO of Microsoft. He also met computer scientist Christos Papadimitriou at Harvard, with whom he collaborated on a paper about algorithms.[18] He did not have a definite study plan while a student at Harvard[19] and spent a lot of time using the school's computers. He remained in contact with Paul Allen, joining him at Honeywell during the summer of 1974.[20] The following year saw the release of the MITS Altair 8800 based on the Intel 8080 CPU, and Gates and Allen saw this as the opportunity to start their own computer software company.[21] He had talked this decision over with his parents, who were supportive of him after seeing how much Gates wanted to start a company.[19]
Microsoft
Main articles: History of Microsoft and Microsoft
BASIC
MITS Altair 8800 Computer with 8 inch floppy disk system
After reading the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair 8800, Gates contacted Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS), the creators of the new microcomputer, to inform them that he and others were working on a BASIC interpreter for the platform.[22] In reality, Gates and Allen did not have an Altair and had not written code for it; they merely wanted to gauge MITS's interest. MITS president Ed Roberts agreed to meet them for a demo, and over the course of a few weeks they developed an Altair emulator that ran on a minicomputer, and then the BASIC interpreter. The demonstration, held at MITS's offices in Albuquerque, was a success and resulted in a deal with MITS to distribute the interpreter as Altair BASIC. Paul Allen was hired into MITS,[23] and Gates took a leave of absence from Harvard to work with Allen at MITS in Albuquerque in November 1975. They named their partnership "Micro-soft" and had their first office located in Albuquerque.[23] Within a year, the hyphen was dropped, and on November 26, 1976, the trade name "Microsoft" was registered with the USPTO.[23]
Microsoft's BASIC was popular with computer hobbyists, but Gates discovered that a pre-market copy had leaked into the community and was being widely copied and distributed. In February 1976, Gates wrote an Open Letter to Hobbyists in the MITS newsletter saying that MITS could not continue to produce, distribute, and maintain high-quality software without payment.[24] This letter was unpopular with many computer hobbyists, but Gates persisted in his belief that software developers should be able to demand payment. Microsoft became independent of MITS in late 1976, and it continued to develop programming language software for various systems.[23] The company moved from Albuquerque to its new home in Bellevue, Washington on January 1, 1979.[22]
During Microsoft's early years, all employees had broad responsibility for the company's business. Gates oversaw the business details, but continued to write code as well. In the first five years, he personally reviewed every line of code the company shipped, and often rewrote parts of it as he saw fit.[25]
IBM partnership
In 1980 IBM approached Microsoft to make the BASIC interpreter for its upcoming personal computer, the IBM PC. When IBM's representatives mentioned that they needed an operating system, Gates referred them to Digital Research (DRI), makers of the widely used CP/M operating system.[26] IBM's discussions with Digital Research went poorly, and they did not reach a licensing agreement. IBM representative Jack Sams mentioned the licensing difficulties during a subsequent meeting with Gates and told him to get an acceptable operating system. A few weeks later Gates proposed using 86-DOS (QDOS), an operating system similar to CP/M that Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products had made for hardware similar to the PC. Microsoft made a deal with SCP to become the exclusive licensing agent, and later the full owner, of 86-DOS. After adapting the operating system for the PC, Microsoft delivered it to IBM as PC-DOS in exchange for a one-time fee of $80,000. Gates insisted that IBM let Microsoft keep the copyright on the operating system, because he believed that other hardware vendors would clone IBM's system.[27] They did, and the sales of MS-DOS made Microsoft a major player in the industry.[28]
Windows
Gates oversaw Microsoft's company restructuring on June 25, 1981, which re-incorporated the company in Washington and made Gates President of Microsoft and the Chairman of the Board.[22] Microsoft launched its first retail version of Microsoft Windows on November 20, 1985, and in August, the company struck a deal with IBM to develop a separate operating system called OS/2. Although the two companies successfully developed the first version of the new system, mounting creative differences undermined the partnership. Gates distributed an internal memo on May 16, 1991 announcing that the OS/2 partnership was over and Microsoft would shift its efforts to the Windows NT kernel development.[29]
Management style
Bill Gates giving his deposition at Microsoft on August 27, 1998
From Microsoft's founding in 1975 until 2006, Gates had primary responsibility for the company's product strategy. He aggressively broadened the company's range of products, and wherever Microsoft achieved a dominant position he vigorously defended it.
As an executive, Gates met regularly with Microsoft's senior managers and program managers. Firsthand accounts of these meetings describe him as verbally combative, berating managers for perceived holes in their business strategies or proposals that placed the company's long-term interests at risk.[30] He often interrupted presentations with such comments as, "That's the stupidest thing I've ever heard!"[31] and, "Why don't you just give up your options and join the Peace Corps?"[32] The target of his outburst then had to defend the proposal in detail until, hopefully, Gates was fully convinced.[31] When subordinates appeared to be procrastinating, he was known to remark sarcastically, "I'll do it over the weekend."[5][33][34]
Gates's role at Microsoft for most of its history was primarily a management and executive role. However, he was an active software developer in the early years, particularly on the company's programming language products. He has not officially been on a development team since working on the TRS-80 Model 100 line, but he wrote code as late as 1989 that shipped in the company's products.[33] On June 15, 2006, Gates announced that he would transition out of his day-to-day role over the next two years to dedicate more time to philanthropy. He divided his responsibilities between two successors, placing Ray Ozzie in charge of day-to-day management and Craig Mundie in charge of long-term product strategy.[35]
William Henry Gates III
Bill Gates at the World Economic Forum in Davos, 2008 Born October 28, 1955 (1955-10-28) (age 52)Seattle, Washington, U.S. Residence United States Alma mater Harvard University (dropped out in 1975, honorary degree in 2007)[1] Occupation
Chairman of MicrosoftCo-Chair of Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Net worth
▲US$58 billion (2008)[2] Spouse(s) Melinda Gates (1994–present) Children Three Signature
WebsiteBill Gates
Wikinews has related news:
Bill Gates
William Henry Gates III (born October 28, 1955 in Seattle, Washington, USA)[3] is an American business magnate, philanthropist, the world's third richest person (as of Feb. 11th, 2008),[2], the richest American (as of Sept. 17th, 2008),[4] and chairman[5] of Microsoft, the software company he founded with Paul Allen. During his career at Microsoft, Gates held the positions of CEO and chief software architect, and remains the largest individual shareholder with more than 8 percent of the common stock.[6] He has also authored or co-authored several books.
Gates is one of the best-known entrepreneurs of the personal computer revolution. Although he is admired by many, a large number of industry insiders criticize his business tactics, which they consider anti-competitive, an opinion which has in some cases been upheld by the courts.[7][8] In the later stages of his career, Gates has pursued a number of philanthropic endeavors, donating large amounts of money to various charitable organizations and scientific research programs through the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, established in 2000.
Bill Gates stepped down as chief executive officer of Microsoft in January, 2000. He remained as chairman and created the position of chief software architect. In June, 2006, Gates announced that he would be transitioning from full-time work at Microsoft to part-time work at Microsoft and full-time work at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He gradually transferred his duties to Ray Ozzie, chief software architect and Craig Mundie, chief research and strategy officer. Gates's last full-time day at Microsoft was June 27, 2008. He remains at Microsoft as a part-time, non-executive chairman.
Early life
Gates was born in Seattle, Washington, to William H. Gates, Sr. and Mary Maxwell Gates. His family was wealthy; his father was a prominent lawyer, his mother served on the board of directors for First Interstate BancSystem and the United Way, and her father, J. W. Maxwell, was a national bank president. Gates has one older sister, Kristi (Kristianne), and one younger sister, Libby. He was the fourth of his name in his family, but was known as William Gates III or "Trey" because his father had dropped his own "III" suffix.[9] Early on in his life, Gates's parents had a law career in mind for him.[10]
At thirteen he enrolled in the Lakeside School, an exclusive preparatory school.[11] When he was in the eighth grade, the Mothers Club at the school used proceeds from Lakeside School's rummage sale to buy an ASR-33 teletype terminal and a block of computer time on a General Electric (GE) computer for the school's students.[12] Gates took an interest in programming the GE system in BASIC and was excused from math classes to pursue his interest. He wrote his first computer program on this machine: an implementation of tic-tac-toe that allowed users to play games against the computer. Gates was fascinated by the machine and how it would always execute software code perfectly. When he reflected back on that moment, he commented on it and said, "There was just something neat about the machine."[13] After the Mothers Club donation was exhausted, he and other students sought time on systems including DEC PDP minicomputers. One of these systems was a PDP-10 belonging to Computer Center Corporation (CCC), which banned four Lakeside students—Gates, Paul Allen, Ric Weiland, and Kent Evans—for the summer after it caught them exploiting bugs in the operating system to obtain free computer time.[14]
At the end of the ban, the four students offered to find bugs in CCC's software in exchange for computer time. Rather than use the system via teletype, Gates went to CCC's offices and studied source code for various programs that ran on the system, including programs in FORTRAN, LISP, and machine language. The arrangement with CCC continued until 1970, when it went out of business. The following year, Information Sciences Inc. hired the four Lakeside students to write a payroll program in COBOL, providing them computer time and royalties. After his administrators became aware of his programming abilities, Gates wrote the school's computer program to schedule students in classes. He modified the code so that he was placed in classes with mostly female students. He later stated that "it was hard to tear myself away from a machine at which I could so unambiguously demonstrate success."[13] At age 17, Gates formed a venture with Allen, called Traf-O-Data, to make traffic counters based on the Intel 8008 processor.[15]
Gates graduated from Lakeside School in 1973. He scored 1590 out of 1600 on the Scholastic Aptitude Test[16] and subsequently enrolled at Harvard College in the fall of 1973.[17] While at Harvard, he met his future business partner, Steve Ballmer, whom he later appointed as CEO of Microsoft. He also met computer scientist Christos Papadimitriou at Harvard, with whom he collaborated on a paper about algorithms.[18] He did not have a definite study plan while a student at Harvard[19] and spent a lot of time using the school's computers. He remained in contact with Paul Allen, joining him at Honeywell during the summer of 1974.[20] The following year saw the release of the MITS Altair 8800 based on the Intel 8080 CPU, and Gates and Allen saw this as the opportunity to start their own computer software company.[21] He had talked this decision over with his parents, who were supportive of him after seeing how much Gates wanted to start a company.[19]
Microsoft
Main articles: History of Microsoft and Microsoft
BASIC
MITS Altair 8800 Computer with 8 inch floppy disk system
After reading the January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair 8800, Gates contacted Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS), the creators of the new microcomputer, to inform them that he and others were working on a BASIC interpreter for the platform.[22] In reality, Gates and Allen did not have an Altair and had not written code for it; they merely wanted to gauge MITS's interest. MITS president Ed Roberts agreed to meet them for a demo, and over the course of a few weeks they developed an Altair emulator that ran on a minicomputer, and then the BASIC interpreter. The demonstration, held at MITS's offices in Albuquerque, was a success and resulted in a deal with MITS to distribute the interpreter as Altair BASIC. Paul Allen was hired into MITS,[23] and Gates took a leave of absence from Harvard to work with Allen at MITS in Albuquerque in November 1975. They named their partnership "Micro-soft" and had their first office located in Albuquerque.[23] Within a year, the hyphen was dropped, and on November 26, 1976, the trade name "Microsoft" was registered with the USPTO.[23]
Microsoft's BASIC was popular with computer hobbyists, but Gates discovered that a pre-market copy had leaked into the community and was being widely copied and distributed. In February 1976, Gates wrote an Open Letter to Hobbyists in the MITS newsletter saying that MITS could not continue to produce, distribute, and maintain high-quality software without payment.[24] This letter was unpopular with many computer hobbyists, but Gates persisted in his belief that software developers should be able to demand payment. Microsoft became independent of MITS in late 1976, and it continued to develop programming language software for various systems.[23] The company moved from Albuquerque to its new home in Bellevue, Washington on January 1, 1979.[22]
During Microsoft's early years, all employees had broad responsibility for the company's business. Gates oversaw the business details, but continued to write code as well. In the first five years, he personally reviewed every line of code the company shipped, and often rewrote parts of it as he saw fit.[25]
IBM partnership
In 1980 IBM approached Microsoft to make the BASIC interpreter for its upcoming personal computer, the IBM PC. When IBM's representatives mentioned that they needed an operating system, Gates referred them to Digital Research (DRI), makers of the widely used CP/M operating system.[26] IBM's discussions with Digital Research went poorly, and they did not reach a licensing agreement. IBM representative Jack Sams mentioned the licensing difficulties during a subsequent meeting with Gates and told him to get an acceptable operating system. A few weeks later Gates proposed using 86-DOS (QDOS), an operating system similar to CP/M that Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products had made for hardware similar to the PC. Microsoft made a deal with SCP to become the exclusive licensing agent, and later the full owner, of 86-DOS. After adapting the operating system for the PC, Microsoft delivered it to IBM as PC-DOS in exchange for a one-time fee of $80,000. Gates insisted that IBM let Microsoft keep the copyright on the operating system, because he believed that other hardware vendors would clone IBM's system.[27] They did, and the sales of MS-DOS made Microsoft a major player in the industry.[28]
Windows
Gates oversaw Microsoft's company restructuring on June 25, 1981, which re-incorporated the company in Washington and made Gates President of Microsoft and the Chairman of the Board.[22] Microsoft launched its first retail version of Microsoft Windows on November 20, 1985, and in August, the company struck a deal with IBM to develop a separate operating system called OS/2. Although the two companies successfully developed the first version of the new system, mounting creative differences undermined the partnership. Gates distributed an internal memo on May 16, 1991 announcing that the OS/2 partnership was over and Microsoft would shift its efforts to the Windows NT kernel development.[29]
Management style
Bill Gates giving his deposition at Microsoft on August 27, 1998
From Microsoft's founding in 1975 until 2006, Gates had primary responsibility for the company's product strategy. He aggressively broadened the company's range of products, and wherever Microsoft achieved a dominant position he vigorously defended it.
As an executive, Gates met regularly with Microsoft's senior managers and program managers. Firsthand accounts of these meetings describe him as verbally combative, berating managers for perceived holes in their business strategies or proposals that placed the company's long-term interests at risk.[30] He often interrupted presentations with such comments as, "That's the stupidest thing I've ever heard!"[31] and, "Why don't you just give up your options and join the Peace Corps?"[32] The target of his outburst then had to defend the proposal in detail until, hopefully, Gates was fully convinced.[31] When subordinates appeared to be procrastinating, he was known to remark sarcastically, "I'll do it over the weekend."[5][33][34]
Gates's role at Microsoft for most of its history was primarily a management and executive role. However, he was an active software developer in the early years, particularly on the company's programming language products. He has not officially been on a development team since working on the TRS-80 Model 100 line, but he wrote code as late as 1989 that shipped in the company's products.[33] On June 15, 2006, Gates announced that he would transition out of his day-to-day role over the next two years to dedicate more time to philanthropy. He divided his responsibilities between two successors, placing Ray Ozzie in charge of day-to-day management and Craig Mundie in charge of long-term product strategy.[35]
Saturday, September 20, 2008
kompong thom province
‘Kampong Pos Thom’ was the original name of the present call ‘Kampong Thom’. Because originally long time ago, at the dock of Sen river next to a big natural lake, there was a big cave with a pair of big snakes inside. The people living around this area usually saw these big snakes every Buddhist Holiday. Time after that, the snakes disappeared, and the people of that area called Kampong Pos Thom.
Then, only short words ‘Kampong Thom’. During the French colony in Cambodia, the French ruled and divided Cambodian territory into provinces, and named them according the spoken words of the people called ‘Kampong Thom Province’ until now.
Kampong Thom is a province located at the central point of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The province has a total land area of 15,061km2 divided into 8 districts, 81 communes and 737 Villages. The total population is 576,805 people (110,334 families, women approximate 51%).
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The province has road network which links from Phnom Penh to iem Reap on National Road 6, and separates to Preah Vihea province National Road 64 in a distance of 126 km.
GeographyThe province is divided into two parts:- Eastern part of National Road 6: Covers 70% surface consisting of forests and plateau, rich in natural resources which are good for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry.
- Western of part of National Road 6: Covers 30% surface is the plain area extending to Tonle Sap Lake. This area is good for rice cultivation and fishing for supporting the needs of the province and exporting to other.
Kampong Thom is also a province-rich in tourism potentials to attract national and international tourists such as the exotic lakes, rivers, forests, mountain and more than 200 ancie
nt temples.
History of Sambor Prei Kuk:The ancient city where monuments of Sambo Prei Kuk are found today was identified as ISANAPURA, the capital of Chenla in 7th century. Chenla was a former vassal of the Funan kingdom that was one of the first state in Southeast Asia, but it gradually gained its power and eventually King Citrasena Mahendravarman of Funan in the early 7th century.
Main archaeological features in these groups of monuments are said to have been founded by king ISANAVARMAN I, the son of king Citrasena.
Many decorative details in Khmer architecture and sculpture are classified as Sambor style: the name was derived from these monuments dated in the first half of the 7th century. Henceforth this kingdom was the leading state and comprised the whole of Cambodia proper. Furthermore, several successions of kings’ reign might have maintained these monuments as their capital city. The century following the death of JAYAVARMAN I who is the last known king of this kingdom in the second half of the 7th century is a dark period in the history of Chenla. According to a Chinese accounts, in the 8th century, the country of Chenla was divided into land and water Chenlas. The obscurity prevails and this monument might be neglected thereafter. The history. However, is traced again with the accession of JAYAVARMAN II, who founded a new polity that is now referred as Angkor in the beginning of 9th century. Decorative details of Prasat Tao (Central Group) are similar to the style of the remains belong to the period of the king JAYAVARMAN II, Particularly, characteristic lion statues resembles the statues found in Phnom Penh. From these reasons this architectural complex is said to be constructed in this period.
Furthermore some inscriptions in Prasat Sambor (Northern Group) are dated in the 10th century under the reign of the king RAJENDRA VARMANII. And Robang Romeas group that is located about 2km northward from main temple area, contains other inscriptions of the king SURYAVARMAN I period. Some other decorative details and statues belong to the late Angkor period styles were confirmed from these temples. These historical evidences suggest that these monuments must have belonged to the important provincial principle city after Pre Angkor period.
From above historical perspective, this group of monuments is extremely significant not only for Cambodia but also for the entire area of Southeast Asia, for they are the only remaining sound architectural constructions that exemplify the architecture and sculpture of the early period in sizable quantity.
Sambor Prei Kuk Group:Sambor Prei Kuk cluttering sanctuaries were located in Sambor Village, Kampong Cheuteal Commune, Prasat Sambor District, Kampong Thom Provice. King Mahendravarman had reigned form 607 to 616, was a son of a king Sambor Prei Kuk style characterized the real khmer telent. After right received influence and developed her own arts sufficient to the modern development. Arts and civilization of Angkor was the great achievement in Southeast Asia. The well-known city was called Isanapura is presently located at Sambor Prei Kuk, Kampong Thom Province. Sambor Prei Kuk is 25km north of Provincial Town of Kampong Thom. By observation, there are 52 small and big sanctuaries are in fairly good condition, the other 52 sanctuaries were fallen down and buried into the ground, and then became small hills. The sanctuaries were built of brick and limestone with the decoration of bas-relief on the scenery walls. The foundation of sanctuary was made of laterite, false door, diamond column and the sculptures were made of sandstone.
Prasat Sambor Group (Northern Sanctuaries):Northern sanctuary group comprised 11 sanctuaries separated from each other with the one at the middle, and had two-wall rampart. The sanctuaries were built of brick and limestone and carve in the beautifully real khmer style. These achievements certified the real khmer talent, after received the influence from India. Khmer had prepared her country and developed arts by herself. The every great development was in Angkor civilization period. The sanctuary was built on a rectangular hill (24m 21m or 25,200 square meters or 2.52 hectares).
The sanctuary comprised 14 temples (only 8 remains), and were surrounded by two-wall rampart. These temples were constructed in various plans-square and octagonal shapes. The top of the temple was carved in lotus petals of sandstone, but some parts were cracked down and buried into the ground and the pile of bricks.
Lion Temple Group:Lion temple group comprise 18 temples with two ramparts closed to the pond. The reasons why the people called Lion Temple because on the tops of all stairs from the four directions, there were sitting lions with forelegs standing up, hind-legs humbling down, its head rose up and its mouse opened to the sanctuary.The rampart outside made of laterite, had 328-meter length, 310-meter width and 101,650-square-meter surface.
This rampart had Gopura in two-direction (East and West) entrances that are connected by the other laterite ramparts. In between rampart 2 and 1, at the Northeastern side near the rampart 1, there was a rectangular pond (42.10m x 34.20m). The bottom of the pond spread by laterite and surrounded by the stepped stairs. The small stairs of the Southern side are made of sandstone.
Now the pond is empty during the dry season. When we enter from the Eastern Gopura on either side of the road, we see two sanctuary hills were built on high terrace with the tracks of the round column made of laterite lining up in 0.40m height.
Prasat Yeai Poeun Group:Prasat Yeai Poeun Group comprised a total of 22 sanctuaries (5 have octagonal shapes) with two wall rampart, and was built of brick, masonry, laterite and sandstone in rectangular from in 7th century (600-635) during the reign of Isanavarman I to dedicated to Shiva. They were built on a hill with Gopura from the eastern and western entrances joining to an outside laterite rampart. The inner rampart reached by gateways from the four directions and joined to the brick rampart carved in various clustering figures.
Along the sanctuary contained the eastern and western Gopura joined to the laterite rampart (304m x 274m or 83,296 square-meter surface). Gopura contained framed door with diamond columns and a lintel built of sandstone. Eastern Gopura contained a buried large inscription (size: 2.41m x 0,9m x 0,15) inscribed with 17 lines of script. This inscription was brought to be kept in Kampong Thom Museum.
Kroul Romeas Group:Behind Kroul Romeas Group, there were four more sanctuaries made of brick and built during the reign King Suryavarman 1(end of 11th century). These sanctuaries were built on a rectangular hill, and faced to the East. One of sanctuaries was not completely built yet, it was likely built in later period. The lintel was carved in the form of bow without the modal. At the southeastern side, there were two temples recognized as the original ancient khmer styles.
Phnom Santuk:Since the ancient time to the present, Phnom Santuk Mountain has been called in many names as below:
- Phnom Thom (in history)- Phnom Arth Santuk (In history)- Phnom Chorm Chong Kiri- Phnom Krop Tuk- Phnom Preah Bat Chann Tuk
The ancient heritages on the top of the mountain:- Many Buddha statues were carved from great mountain rock including three big Buddha statues reaching Nirvana, each has more than 10-meter length.- Prasat Touch of pyramid shape, made of sandstone, has three stories and three-meter height, and is located next to the ancient wooden temple (presently, it is made of cement) with a rectangular pond (10m x 4m).- Preah Bat Chann Tuk statue was carved on the stone shaped as food of a sacred human, and there are many other small sculptures.
By the stories, the construction and the statues were erected during the reign of Preah Ponhea Dharma Reacha (1474-1494) and have been maintained until now.
Phnom Santuk has changed names to Chorn Chong Kiri and Phnom Krop Tuk. Chan Dare or Chan Chare are called two pieces of stone by local people that join all together in marked symbol and made in small hole, the passenger arrived there, they always dropped cash coins (ancient coins) into this small hole. When cash coins was dropped in, it make soft weak voice like a voice of the birds sing or music with happiness. So they did that since ancient period.
Preah Bat Chan Tuk or Buddha statue:
- Was built by King Ang Chan I (16th century).- King Baksei Chamkrong built a wooden temple on Phnom San Tuk at the same year.- Sculptures carved on large ancient stone with many scenes of story.- Buddha statue reaching Nirvanawas carved on larges-stone since 16th century.
Prey Pros:Prey Pros is a natural and cultural site located at Prey Pros Village, Prey Preal Commune, Kampong Svay District in approximate 16-km distance northwest of Provincial Town of Kampong. The site cover an area of 2 million square meters and includes a river (4,000-meter length and 30-meter width) which is rich in Domrei fish. The site is a venue for foot races, bicycle races, and other games during national festivals. In addition, the provincial tourists’ office has organized other recreational activities such as boating, fishing and swimming, and has built resting cottage where food and drinks are sold. The view from Prey Pros is beautiful and enchanting, while the wind which blows across the river will cool and refresh the hot and tired tourists.
Prasat Kuh Nokor:Prasat Kuh Nokor is located in Trodoc Poung Village, Pong Ror Commune, Baray District, Kampong Thom Province and is in the complex of Wat Kuh Nokor (Buddhist Pagoda). To reach there, passenger can take all kinds of vehicle on National Road 6, then turn west through the gate of Kuh Nokor pagoda in a distance of 2km. It is 79km from Provincial Town of Kampong Thom. These sanctuaries were built on the flat ground, on a square terrace made of laterite and sandstone facing to the East with the rampart surrounding. This rampart has a 35m-length (East to West) and a 25m-width (North to South). There is surrounding rampart of one meter height and 0.8 meter thick with two gateways: Eastern gateway is 9m height divided into 3 rooms, and western gateway is small and has square shape.
The structures of the buildings are mixed, made of laterite and the decoration of sandstone. East of the temple, there are 2 ponds-the small one has about one-meter depth,45-meter length and 20-meter width, and the big one has 160-meter length, 88-meter width and more than one-meter depth.
Prasat Kuh Nokor comprises:- The throne is square shape, made of sandstone and decorated by lotus flowers and pointed-diamond style, and has square hole at the middle.- A male standing statue remains from thigh to shoulder.- A male standing statue remains from thigh to the navel.- A male coiling statue is difficult to be identified as the statue broke the end of the arm and the sole of the foot (local people called the statue ‘Neak Ta Bark Kor’.
Prasat Kuh Nokor was built in 10th -11th century by the king Suryavarman I (1002-1050). But in the same year (1002), another document said there was a king named Preah Bat Jayviravarman who who was also on throne (1002-1010). The two kings claimed that they were on throne at the same year, this leading to war between king and king until 1006. Then the king Suryavarman I conquered Yasodharpura city, however the war still lasted for 04 years to end. In 1010, the king Suryavarman I gained success over the entire territory and had full power in the country.
Prasat Kok Rokar (Preah Theat):Prasat Kok Rokar is located in Rokar Phum, Srayov Commune, Stung Sen District, Kampong Thom province in a 14-km distance from Provincial Town of Kampong Thom. The temple was built of sandstone and laterite in Khleng style at the end of 11th century during the reign of king Suryavarman I to dedicate to Siva.
This isolated sanctuary (dimension: 6m x 5m; 8m height) was built on the hill and faced to the east. The body of the central temple has conical form with porches opening to the east, and a door reached from the eastern entrance (three other doors were the false doors). The diamond column has octagonal forms, and the three lintels have various forms. Based on the study to the site, the sanctuary was formed in rectangular shape. The outside rampart has 25m x 25m size and Gopura from the four directions which jointed to the surrounding laterite rampart. Outside the rampart, there were likely moats surrounded as we saw some marks remain until now. In observation to the temple’s court, there were lintels and inscriptions available at the surrounding. The lintels has various style some in Sambor Prei Kuk, some in Prei Khmeng and some in Kulen style etc. This didn’t mean that the artists built the mixed styles. According to the elderly resident there said that during the French colony in Cambodia, these ancient objects were brought from other temples to gather here in preparing to break into small parts that would then be used to pave the roads, but they didn’t construct the roads yet due to the war happened in the Country that why these ancient objects remained there.
On the hill 1km from the temple, where they held midnight ceremony every full moon day with making virgin girls dancing around the fired place to pray for the rain. This ceremony could be participated by virgin girls only.
Prasat Phum Prasat:Located in Prasat Village, Prasat Commune, Snatuk District, Kampong Thom Province. This temple located in a 27-km district from Provincial Town of Kampong Thom, and there is road from the southern direction of 500-meter length. This temple was built of brick, masonry and sandstone in 8th century (706) with Kampong Preah style to dedicate to Siva. It was a sanctuary built temple on the flat terrace without the false door and faced to the east. In the ancient period, the door were made by two wooden boards-one carved with sculptures of male divinities at another one carved with female divinities. The southern framed door was inscribed with five lines of inscription, and its back was mostly erode. The lintel was ornamented by the garlands; the diamond column we carved with carousing motifs; and the upper corner of the temple contained the segments of Linga and Yoni. Southeast of the temple, there were other two more temples (at present, they became the small hills). South of the large temple, were was a hill called Toul Samrong or Toul Nak Ta Samrong; and east of this hill, there was a Pou tree in which the local people call Toul Nak Ta Deum Pou (the hill of the body tree spirit). In ancient time, this place was the former royal palace where the royal valuable were kept. Then it was excavated and the valuables were taken away during the French colony. This sanctuary was in seriously ruined condition, in 1996 the brick of the southern and western towers dropped down due to the trees growing and the strong wind blowing on them. Besides, there was lack of conservation and protection leading to the serious damages caused by nature and aged existence at the sanctuary especially by the ignorant people.
Closed against the sanctuary, where the Buddhism monks constructed the new temple. This could caused the damages to the ancient sanctuary. Beside the Prasat Phum Prasat, there was an inscription buried into the ground which its upper part was inscribed with six lines of Sanskrit scripts. This inscription was found at six kilometers near the Police Post on National Road 6.
Prasat Andet Temple:Prasat Andet is located northwest of Provincial Town of Kampong Thom, in Prasat Village, Sankor Commune, Kampong Svay District, Kampong Thom Province. The temple was built in second half of 7th century (627-707) during the reign of king Jayavarman I to dedicate to God Hirihara, in Kampong Preah style and made of brick with masonry, laterite and sandstone. Prasat Andet had isolated plan, built on a 5.30-meter height artificial hill, and was form in rectangular shape with 7.50-meter length, 5.50-meter width and 1-meter thick (interior to exterior). It was facing to the East. The lintel of Prasat Andet was carved in the garlands and carefully done in the traditional khmer style.
The coronet (2.22 lengths) was ornamented around by the rings decorated, and at between of the rings we decorated with garland and bulb flowers surrounded, which are joining each other by the end of the decorations. In original former time, this temple contained Harihara Statue standing on a decorative royal throne, and the statue was brought to be kept at Phnom Penh National Museum. The Harihara statue is a body side’s Siva and another body side’s Vinu. The framed door had 1 m width, 2m height and 0.20m thick. On the northern framed door, we saw the marks of a cloven hoof of tiger cat that used to go to the upper box of the door, which remained the marks until now.
Bird Sanctuary of Boeng Tonle Chmar:Boeng Chmar contains fishing lot 5 and lot 6, and is 30km far from Stoung District town of Kampong Thom Province, there were villages of Nesat, Kamong Kdei, Svay Kor, Mo Doung, Kampong Bradom and Msa Trang Tboung in Peam Bang Commune. The people living in this area with floating houses that are moving up and down according to the water levels in the jungle and flooded forest. The bird sanctuary of Boeng Chmar covers a land area of 400 hectares having an interconnecting network of water channels along the bank of Boeng Kla Lake, rich in flooded forests. This area is connected by two big river tributaries (Stoung and Stung Chik Kreng) flowing down to Boeng Chmar. Beong Chmar is the sanctuary for many kinds of birds.
Stone Handicraft:Located at Ka Kos Village, Ka Kos Commune, Santhuk District in 16-km distance from Provincial Town of Kampong Thom on National Road 6. The craftsmen take the rocks from the Santhuk mountain’s foot to make statues and various figures for house decoration. This stone handicraft is served for domestically and internationally target markets. Beside stone handicraft, Kampong Thom has other handicraft like Krama, Silk shirts, traditional khmer clothing and handbags.
Then, only short words ‘Kampong Thom’. During the French colony in Cambodia, the French ruled and divided Cambodian territory into provinces, and named them according the spoken words of the people called ‘Kampong Thom Province’ until now.
Kampong Thom is a province located at the central point of the Kingdom of Cambodia. The province has a total land area of 15,061km2 divided into 8 districts, 81 communes and 737 Villages. The total population is 576,805 people (110,334 families, women approximate 51%).
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The province has road network which links from Phnom Penh to iem Reap on National Road 6, and separates to Preah Vihea province National Road 64 in a distance of 126 km.
GeographyThe province is divided into two parts:- Eastern part of National Road 6: Covers 70% surface consisting of forests and plateau, rich in natural resources which are good for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry.
- Western of part of National Road 6: Covers 30% surface is the plain area extending to Tonle Sap Lake. This area is good for rice cultivation and fishing for supporting the needs of the province and exporting to other.
Kampong Thom is also a province-rich in tourism potentials to attract national and international tourists such as the exotic lakes, rivers, forests, mountain and more than 200 ancie
nt temples.History of Sambor Prei Kuk:The ancient city where monuments of Sambo Prei Kuk are found today was identified as ISANAPURA, the capital of Chenla in 7th century. Chenla was a former vassal of the Funan kingdom that was one of the first state in Southeast Asia, but it gradually gained its power and eventually King Citrasena Mahendravarman of Funan in the early 7th century.
Main archaeological features in these groups of monuments are said to have been founded by king ISANAVARMAN I, the son of king Citrasena.
Many decorative details in Khmer architecture and sculpture are classified as Sambor style: the name was derived from these monuments dated in the first half of the 7th century. Henceforth this kingdom was the leading state and comprised the whole of Cambodia proper. Furthermore, several successions of kings’ reign might have maintained these monuments as their capital city. The century following the death of JAYAVARMAN I who is the last known king of this kingdom in the second half of the 7th century is a dark period in the history of Chenla. According to a Chinese accounts, in the 8th century, the country of Chenla was divided into land and water Chenlas. The obscurity prevails and this monument might be neglected thereafter. The history. However, is traced again with the accession of JAYAVARMAN II, who founded a new polity that is now referred as Angkor in the beginning of 9th century. Decorative details of Prasat Tao (Central Group) are similar to the style of the remains belong to the period of the king JAYAVARMAN II, Particularly, characteristic lion statues resembles the statues found in Phnom Penh. From these reasons this architectural complex is said to be constructed in this period.
Furthermore some inscriptions in Prasat Sambor (Northern Group) are dated in the 10th century under the reign of the king RAJENDRA VARMANII. And Robang Romeas group that is located about 2km northward from main temple area, contains other inscriptions of the king SURYAVARMAN I period. Some other decorative details and statues belong to the late Angkor period styles were confirmed from these temples. These historical evidences suggest that these monuments must have belonged to the important provincial principle city after Pre Angkor period.
From above historical perspective, this group of monuments is extremely significant not only for Cambodia but also for the entire area of Southeast Asia, for they are the only remaining sound architectural constructions that exemplify the architecture and sculpture of the early period in sizable quantity.
Sambor Prei Kuk Group:Sambor Prei Kuk cluttering sanctuaries were located in Sambor Village, Kampong Cheuteal Commune, Prasat Sambor District, Kampong Thom Provice. King Mahendravarman had reigned form 607 to 616, was a son of a king Sambor Prei Kuk style characterized the real khmer telent. After right received influence and developed her own arts sufficient to the modern development. Arts and civilization of Angkor was the great achievement in Southeast Asia. The well-known city was called Isanapura is presently located at Sambor Prei Kuk, Kampong Thom Province. Sambor Prei Kuk is 25km north of Provincial Town of Kampong Thom. By observation, there are 52 small and big sanctuaries are in fairly good condition, the other 52 sanctuaries were fallen down and buried into the ground, and then became small hills. The sanctuaries were built of brick and limestone with the decoration of bas-relief on the scenery walls. The foundation of sanctuary was made of laterite, false door, diamond column and the sculptures were made of sandstone.
Prasat Sambor Group (Northern Sanctuaries):Northern sanctuary group comprised 11 sanctuaries separated from each other with the one at the middle, and had two-wall rampart. The sanctuaries were built of brick and limestone and carve in the beautifully real khmer style. These achievements certified the real khmer talent, after received the influence from India. Khmer had prepared her country and developed arts by herself. The every great development was in Angkor civilization period. The sanctuary was built on a rectangular hill (24m 21m or 25,200 square meters or 2.52 hectares).
The sanctuary comprised 14 temples (only 8 remains), and were surrounded by two-wall rampart. These temples were constructed in various plans-square and octagonal shapes. The top of the temple was carved in lotus petals of sandstone, but some parts were cracked down and buried into the ground and the pile of bricks.
Lion Temple Group:Lion temple group comprise 18 temples with two ramparts closed to the pond. The reasons why the people called Lion Temple because on the tops of all stairs from the four directions, there were sitting lions with forelegs standing up, hind-legs humbling down, its head rose up and its mouse opened to the sanctuary.The rampart outside made of laterite, had 328-meter length, 310-meter width and 101,650-square-meter surface.
This rampart had Gopura in two-direction (East and West) entrances that are connected by the other laterite ramparts. In between rampart 2 and 1, at the Northeastern side near the rampart 1, there was a rectangular pond (42.10m x 34.20m). The bottom of the pond spread by laterite and surrounded by the stepped stairs. The small stairs of the Southern side are made of sandstone.
Now the pond is empty during the dry season. When we enter from the Eastern Gopura on either side of the road, we see two sanctuary hills were built on high terrace with the tracks of the round column made of laterite lining up in 0.40m height.
Prasat Yeai Poeun Group:Prasat Yeai Poeun Group comprised a total of 22 sanctuaries (5 have octagonal shapes) with two wall rampart, and was built of brick, masonry, laterite and sandstone in rectangular from in 7th century (600-635) during the reign of Isanavarman I to dedicated to Shiva. They were built on a hill with Gopura from the eastern and western entrances joining to an outside laterite rampart. The inner rampart reached by gateways from the four directions and joined to the brick rampart carved in various clustering figures.
Along the sanctuary contained the eastern and western Gopura joined to the laterite rampart (304m x 274m or 83,296 square-meter surface). Gopura contained framed door with diamond columns and a lintel built of sandstone. Eastern Gopura contained a buried large inscription (size: 2.41m x 0,9m x 0,15) inscribed with 17 lines of script. This inscription was brought to be kept in Kampong Thom Museum.
Kroul Romeas Group:Behind Kroul Romeas Group, there were four more sanctuaries made of brick and built during the reign King Suryavarman 1(end of 11th century). These sanctuaries were built on a rectangular hill, and faced to the East. One of sanctuaries was not completely built yet, it was likely built in later period. The lintel was carved in the form of bow without the modal. At the southeastern side, there were two temples recognized as the original ancient khmer styles.
Phnom Santuk:Since the ancient time to the present, Phnom Santuk Mountain has been called in many names as below:
- Phnom Thom (in history)- Phnom Arth Santuk (In history)- Phnom Chorm Chong Kiri- Phnom Krop Tuk- Phnom Preah Bat Chann Tuk
The ancient heritages on the top of the mountain:- Many Buddha statues were carved from great mountain rock including three big Buddha statues reaching Nirvana, each has more than 10-meter length.- Prasat Touch of pyramid shape, made of sandstone, has three stories and three-meter height, and is located next to the ancient wooden temple (presently, it is made of cement) with a rectangular pond (10m x 4m).- Preah Bat Chann Tuk statue was carved on the stone shaped as food of a sacred human, and there are many other small sculptures.
By the stories, the construction and the statues were erected during the reign of Preah Ponhea Dharma Reacha (1474-1494) and have been maintained until now.
Phnom Santuk has changed names to Chorn Chong Kiri and Phnom Krop Tuk. Chan Dare or Chan Chare are called two pieces of stone by local people that join all together in marked symbol and made in small hole, the passenger arrived there, they always dropped cash coins (ancient coins) into this small hole. When cash coins was dropped in, it make soft weak voice like a voice of the birds sing or music with happiness. So they did that since ancient period.
Preah Bat Chan Tuk or Buddha statue:
- Was built by King Ang Chan I (16th century).- King Baksei Chamkrong built a wooden temple on Phnom San Tuk at the same year.- Sculptures carved on large ancient stone with many scenes of story.- Buddha statue reaching Nirvanawas carved on larges-stone since 16th century.
Prey Pros:Prey Pros is a natural and cultural site located at Prey Pros Village, Prey Preal Commune, Kampong Svay District in approximate 16-km distance northwest of Provincial Town of Kampong. The site cover an area of 2 million square meters and includes a river (4,000-meter length and 30-meter width) which is rich in Domrei fish. The site is a venue for foot races, bicycle races, and other games during national festivals. In addition, the provincial tourists’ office has organized other recreational activities such as boating, fishing and swimming, and has built resting cottage where food and drinks are sold. The view from Prey Pros is beautiful and enchanting, while the wind which blows across the river will cool and refresh the hot and tired tourists.
Prasat Kuh Nokor:Prasat Kuh Nokor is located in Trodoc Poung Village, Pong Ror Commune, Baray District, Kampong Thom Province and is in the complex of Wat Kuh Nokor (Buddhist Pagoda). To reach there, passenger can take all kinds of vehicle on National Road 6, then turn west through the gate of Kuh Nokor pagoda in a distance of 2km. It is 79km from Provincial Town of Kampong Thom. These sanctuaries were built on the flat ground, on a square terrace made of laterite and sandstone facing to the East with the rampart surrounding. This rampart has a 35m-length (East to West) and a 25m-width (North to South). There is surrounding rampart of one meter height and 0.8 meter thick with two gateways: Eastern gateway is 9m height divided into 3 rooms, and western gateway is small and has square shape.
The structures of the buildings are mixed, made of laterite and the decoration of sandstone. East of the temple, there are 2 ponds-the small one has about one-meter depth,45-meter length and 20-meter width, and the big one has 160-meter length, 88-meter width and more than one-meter depth.
Prasat Kuh Nokor comprises:- The throne is square shape, made of sandstone and decorated by lotus flowers and pointed-diamond style, and has square hole at the middle.- A male standing statue remains from thigh to shoulder.- A male standing statue remains from thigh to the navel.- A male coiling statue is difficult to be identified as the statue broke the end of the arm and the sole of the foot (local people called the statue ‘Neak Ta Bark Kor’.
Prasat Kuh Nokor was built in 10th -11th century by the king Suryavarman I (1002-1050). But in the same year (1002), another document said there was a king named Preah Bat Jayviravarman who who was also on throne (1002-1010). The two kings claimed that they were on throne at the same year, this leading to war between king and king until 1006. Then the king Suryavarman I conquered Yasodharpura city, however the war still lasted for 04 years to end. In 1010, the king Suryavarman I gained success over the entire territory and had full power in the country.
Prasat Kok Rokar (Preah Theat):Prasat Kok Rokar is located in Rokar Phum, Srayov Commune, Stung Sen District, Kampong Thom province in a 14-km distance from Provincial Town of Kampong Thom. The temple was built of sandstone and laterite in Khleng style at the end of 11th century during the reign of king Suryavarman I to dedicate to Siva.
This isolated sanctuary (dimension: 6m x 5m; 8m height) was built on the hill and faced to the east. The body of the central temple has conical form with porches opening to the east, and a door reached from the eastern entrance (three other doors were the false doors). The diamond column has octagonal forms, and the three lintels have various forms. Based on the study to the site, the sanctuary was formed in rectangular shape. The outside rampart has 25m x 25m size and Gopura from the four directions which jointed to the surrounding laterite rampart. Outside the rampart, there were likely moats surrounded as we saw some marks remain until now. In observation to the temple’s court, there were lintels and inscriptions available at the surrounding. The lintels has various style some in Sambor Prei Kuk, some in Prei Khmeng and some in Kulen style etc. This didn’t mean that the artists built the mixed styles. According to the elderly resident there said that during the French colony in Cambodia, these ancient objects were brought from other temples to gather here in preparing to break into small parts that would then be used to pave the roads, but they didn’t construct the roads yet due to the war happened in the Country that why these ancient objects remained there.
On the hill 1km from the temple, where they held midnight ceremony every full moon day with making virgin girls dancing around the fired place to pray for the rain. This ceremony could be participated by virgin girls only.
Prasat Phum Prasat:Located in Prasat Village, Prasat Commune, Snatuk District, Kampong Thom Province. This temple located in a 27-km district from Provincial Town of Kampong Thom, and there is road from the southern direction of 500-meter length. This temple was built of brick, masonry and sandstone in 8th century (706) with Kampong Preah style to dedicate to Siva. It was a sanctuary built temple on the flat terrace without the false door and faced to the east. In the ancient period, the door were made by two wooden boards-one carved with sculptures of male divinities at another one carved with female divinities. The southern framed door was inscribed with five lines of inscription, and its back was mostly erode. The lintel was ornamented by the garlands; the diamond column we carved with carousing motifs; and the upper corner of the temple contained the segments of Linga and Yoni. Southeast of the temple, there were other two more temples (at present, they became the small hills). South of the large temple, were was a hill called Toul Samrong or Toul Nak Ta Samrong; and east of this hill, there was a Pou tree in which the local people call Toul Nak Ta Deum Pou (the hill of the body tree spirit). In ancient time, this place was the former royal palace where the royal valuable were kept. Then it was excavated and the valuables were taken away during the French colony. This sanctuary was in seriously ruined condition, in 1996 the brick of the southern and western towers dropped down due to the trees growing and the strong wind blowing on them. Besides, there was lack of conservation and protection leading to the serious damages caused by nature and aged existence at the sanctuary especially by the ignorant people.
Closed against the sanctuary, where the Buddhism monks constructed the new temple. This could caused the damages to the ancient sanctuary. Beside the Prasat Phum Prasat, there was an inscription buried into the ground which its upper part was inscribed with six lines of Sanskrit scripts. This inscription was found at six kilometers near the Police Post on National Road 6.
Prasat Andet Temple:Prasat Andet is located northwest of Provincial Town of Kampong Thom, in Prasat Village, Sankor Commune, Kampong Svay District, Kampong Thom Province. The temple was built in second half of 7th century (627-707) during the reign of king Jayavarman I to dedicate to God Hirihara, in Kampong Preah style and made of brick with masonry, laterite and sandstone. Prasat Andet had isolated plan, built on a 5.30-meter height artificial hill, and was form in rectangular shape with 7.50-meter length, 5.50-meter width and 1-meter thick (interior to exterior). It was facing to the East. The lintel of Prasat Andet was carved in the garlands and carefully done in the traditional khmer style.
The coronet (2.22 lengths) was ornamented around by the rings decorated, and at between of the rings we decorated with garland and bulb flowers surrounded, which are joining each other by the end of the decorations. In original former time, this temple contained Harihara Statue standing on a decorative royal throne, and the statue was brought to be kept at Phnom Penh National Museum. The Harihara statue is a body side’s Siva and another body side’s Vinu. The framed door had 1 m width, 2m height and 0.20m thick. On the northern framed door, we saw the marks of a cloven hoof of tiger cat that used to go to the upper box of the door, which remained the marks until now.
Bird Sanctuary of Boeng Tonle Chmar:Boeng Chmar contains fishing lot 5 and lot 6, and is 30km far from Stoung District town of Kampong Thom Province, there were villages of Nesat, Kamong Kdei, Svay Kor, Mo Doung, Kampong Bradom and Msa Trang Tboung in Peam Bang Commune. The people living in this area with floating houses that are moving up and down according to the water levels in the jungle and flooded forest. The bird sanctuary of Boeng Chmar covers a land area of 400 hectares having an interconnecting network of water channels along the bank of Boeng Kla Lake, rich in flooded forests. This area is connected by two big river tributaries (Stoung and Stung Chik Kreng) flowing down to Boeng Chmar. Beong Chmar is the sanctuary for many kinds of birds.
Stone Handicraft:Located at Ka Kos Village, Ka Kos Commune, Santhuk District in 16-km distance from Provincial Town of Kampong Thom on National Road 6. The craftsmen take the rocks from the Santhuk mountain’s foot to make statues and various figures for house decoration. This stone handicraft is served for domestically and internationally target markets. Beside stone handicraft, Kampong Thom has other handicraft like Krama, Silk shirts, traditional khmer clothing and handbags.
Friday, September 19, 2008
Private Higher Education Institutions
» Pannasastra University of Cambodia (PUC)
Contact Person: Dr. CHEA San Chanthan, RectorTel: (855) 23 218 919, 12 964 290Fax: (855) 23 218 919 Address: # 92-94, Sothearos Blvd, Sangkat Chattumuk, Khan Daun Pen, Phnom Penh.E-mail: puc@pannasastra.edu.khWebsite: http://www.puc.edu.kh/ » International Institute of Cambodia (IIC)
Contact Person : Mr. CHHAUON Chan Than, Director Tel: (855) 23 216 331Fax: (855) 23 216 332 Address: # 441, Monivong Blvd, Khan 7 Makara, Phnom Penh. E-mail: mailto:info@iic.edu.khWebsite: www.iic.edu.kh More informatio (314 KB) » Norton University (NU)
Contact Person: Mr. CHAN Sok Khieng, Rector Tel: (855) 23 982 166Fax: (855) 23 211 273 Address: Street No 118, 119, & 130, khan Daun Pen, Phnom Penh.E-mail:mailto:info@norton.edu.khWebsite: www.norton.edu.kh » University of Technology and Management (UTM)
Contact Person: Mr. SOK Bun Lim, Director Tel: (855) 23 982 229Fax: (855) 23 210 110 Address: Street No 180, Khan Daun Pen, Phnom Penh. E-mail:mailto:itm@online.com.kh Website: www.itm.edu.kh » Build Bright University (BBU)
Contact Person: Mr. IN Virakcheat, Rector Tel: (855) 12 929 929; 23 987 700Fax: (855) 23 987 900 Address: Grey Building, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh. E-mail: mailto:info@bbu.edu.khWebsite: http://www.bbu.edu.kh/» Institute of Management and Economics (IME)
Contact Person: Mr. TUN Pheakdey, Director Tel: (855) 12 734 141; 53 952 160Fax: (855) 53 952 160 Address: Prek Preas Sdach Commune, Battambang District, Battambang Province. More informatio (84 KB) » Cambodian University for Specialties (CUS)
Contact Person: Mr. SDOUENG Sokkhom, Rector Tel:(855) 23 881 415, 012 854 342 Address: #43, St.231, Khan Toulkork, Phnom Penh. E-mail: cus@everyday.com.khWebsite: http://www.cus.edu.kh/, More information (95 KB) » International University (IU)
Contact Person: Mr. UON Sabo, RectorTel: (855) 23 881 623, 16 830 077Fax:(855) 23 881 623 Address: #35-41, Street 582, Khan Tuol Kok, Phnom Penh.E-mail: info@iu.edu.khWebsite: http://www.iu.edu.kh/ More information (204 KB) » Cambodia Mekong University (CMU)
Contact Person: Mr. ICH Seng, RectorTel: (855) 23 882 211Fax: (855) 12 809 191 Address: # 9B, St 271, Khan Russei Keo, Phnom Penh.E-mail: info@mekong.edu.khWebsite: http://www.mekong.edu.kh/, More information (616 KB) » Asean University (AU)
Contact Person: Mr. SUN Sovannarith, RectorTel: (855) 23 986 432, 12 232 525Fax: (855) 23 986 432 Address: # 01, street 139, Khan 7 Makara, Phnom Penh.E-mail: info@asean.edu.khWebsite: www.asean.edu.kh» Chamroeun University of Polytechnology (CUP)
Contact Person: HE Mr. CHEA Chamroeun, RectorTel: (855) 23 987 795 Fax: (855) 23 987 695 Address: # 88, Street 350, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh.E-mail: cup@camintel.com.kh» Cambodia University (CU)
Contact Person:HE Mr. KAO Kim Huon, Rector Tel: (855) 23 993 274, 12 804 725 Fax: (855) 23 993 284 Address: # 143-145 Preah Norodom Blvd, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh.E-mail: info@uc.edu.khWebsite:http://www.uc.edu.kh/ » Western University (WU)
Contact Person: Mr. TE Lauren, RectorTel: (855) 23 990 699Fax: (855) 23 990 699Address: # 15, Street 528, Sangkat Beoung Kok1, Khan Toul Kork, Phnom Penh.E-mail: info@western.edu.khWebsite: http://www.western.edu.kh/ » ICS University (ICSU)
Contact Person: Ms. KHUON Sudary, RectorTel: (855) 23 724 062 Fax: (855) 23 426 104 Address: # 14, Street 214, Sangkat Beoung Raing, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh. E-mail: ics@camnet.com.kh» Khemarak University (KU)
Contact Person: Dr. NOU Chan Sophy, RectorTel: (855) 23 223 415Address: Block D Phnom Penh Center,Sothearos Blvd, Sangkat Tonle Bassac, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh. E-mail: khemarak_university@yahoo.com » Angkor University (AU)
Contact Person:Mr. KY Chinto, RectorTel: (855) 12 276 500 Address: # 1, Boey Sieng Nam, Khna village,Chriav Commune, Siem Reap District,Siem Reap Province. E-mail: angkoruniversity@yahoo.com» Newton Thilay University (NTU)
Contact Person: Mr. CHEA Thilay, RectorTel: (855) 23 224 807 Fax: (855) 23 224 807 Address: # 100, Street Pasteur, PsarTmey 3, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh.E-mail: info.ntu@ntu.edu.kh Website: http://www.ntu.edu.kh/» Asia Europe University
Contact Person: Mr. DOUNG Leang, Vice RectorTel: (855) 23 987 117 Address: # 832 ABCD, Street 128, SangkatTeuk Laak1, Khan Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh. E-mail: eai@everyday.com.khWebsite: http://www.sitc.edu.kh/» Human Resources University (HRU)
Contact Person: Mr. SENG Phally, DirectorTel: (855) 23 987 826Fax: (855) 23 987 826 Address: # 2, Street 163, Sangkat Olympic,Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh. E-mail: ihrd@everyday.com.kh» Institute of Management Science (IMS)
Contact Person: Mr. SENG Lymeng, RectorTel: (855) 12 873 539 Fax: (855) 42 941 962 Address: Monivong Street, Khom Kompong Cham,Kompong Cham District, Kompong Cham Province. » Vanda Institute
Contact Person: Mr. HENG Vanda, DirectorTel: (855) 23 213 563Fax: (855) 23 213 562 Address: # 216-218, Mao Tse Toung Blvd, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh.E-mail: vanda@camnet.com.kh » Angkor City Institute(ACI)
Contact Person: Mr. HOK Seoun, DirectorTel: (855) 23 990 424 Address: Main Compus (From Youth Center) Siem Reap Province.E-mail: aci@camintel.com » Setec Institute (SI)
Contact Person: Mr. NGOUN Sokveng, DirectorTel: (855) 23 880 612Fax: (855) 23 880 612Address: # 92, Russian Federation Blvd, Khan Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh.E-mail: setecu@camnet.com.khWebsite: http://www.setecu.com.kh/» Asia Pacific Institute(API)
Contact Person: Mr. LY Chheng, DirectorTel: (855) 23 985 823Address: # 189, Mao Tse Toung Blvd, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh. E-mail: steveloun@gmx.net» Sitc University(SITC)
Contact Person: Dr. MICHEL Yu, Vice DirectorTel: (855) 12 914 321Fax: (855) 23 986 982 Address: # 315, Street Saldegol, Sangkat Oreushi 2, Khan 7 Makara, Phnom Penh.E-mail: sii@online.com.khWebsite: http://www.sitc.edu.kh/» The Institute of Cambodia (IC)
Contact Person: Mr. VIN Socheat, RectorTel: (855) 12 737 578Fax: (855) 54 958 505 Address: # 314, National Road No 5, O Ambel District, Bantey Meanchay Province. E-mail: mailto:ic.edu.bme@yahoo.com» Intered Institute (II)
Contact Person: Mr. UNG Dipola, RectorTel: (855) 23 993 866Fax: (855) 23 994 445 Address: Level 5 of Phnom Penh Center, Sothearos Blvd, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh. E-mail: info@intered.edu.khWebsite: http://www.intered.edu.kh/» Sachak Asia Development Institute (SADI)
Contact Person: Mr. NGEM Sachak, RectorTel: (855) 12 432 275Address: # 64, Street 348, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh.
Contact Person: Dr. CHEA San Chanthan, RectorTel: (855) 23 218 919, 12 964 290Fax: (855) 23 218 919 Address: # 92-94, Sothearos Blvd, Sangkat Chattumuk, Khan Daun Pen, Phnom Penh.E-mail: puc@pannasastra.edu.khWebsite: http://www.puc.edu.kh/ » International Institute of Cambodia (IIC)
Contact Person : Mr. CHHAUON Chan Than, Director Tel: (855) 23 216 331Fax: (855) 23 216 332 Address: # 441, Monivong Blvd, Khan 7 Makara, Phnom Penh. E-mail: mailto:info@iic.edu.khWebsite: www.iic.edu.kh More informatio (314 KB) » Norton University (NU)
Contact Person: Mr. CHAN Sok Khieng, Rector Tel: (855) 23 982 166Fax: (855) 23 211 273 Address: Street No 118, 119, & 130, khan Daun Pen, Phnom Penh.E-mail:mailto:info@norton.edu.khWebsite: www.norton.edu.kh » University of Technology and Management (UTM)
Contact Person: Mr. SOK Bun Lim, Director Tel: (855) 23 982 229Fax: (855) 23 210 110 Address: Street No 180, Khan Daun Pen, Phnom Penh. E-mail:mailto:itm@online.com.kh Website: www.itm.edu.kh » Build Bright University (BBU)
Contact Person: Mr. IN Virakcheat, Rector Tel: (855) 12 929 929; 23 987 700Fax: (855) 23 987 900 Address: Grey Building, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh. E-mail: mailto:info@bbu.edu.khWebsite: http://www.bbu.edu.kh/» Institute of Management and Economics (IME)
Contact Person: Mr. TUN Pheakdey, Director Tel: (855) 12 734 141; 53 952 160Fax: (855) 53 952 160 Address: Prek Preas Sdach Commune, Battambang District, Battambang Province. More informatio (84 KB) » Cambodian University for Specialties (CUS)
Contact Person: Mr. SDOUENG Sokkhom, Rector Tel:(855) 23 881 415, 012 854 342 Address: #43, St.231, Khan Toulkork, Phnom Penh. E-mail: cus@everyday.com.khWebsite: http://www.cus.edu.kh/, More information (95 KB) » International University (IU)
Contact Person: Mr. UON Sabo, RectorTel: (855) 23 881 623, 16 830 077Fax:(855) 23 881 623 Address: #35-41, Street 582, Khan Tuol Kok, Phnom Penh.E-mail: info@iu.edu.khWebsite: http://www.iu.edu.kh/ More information (204 KB) » Cambodia Mekong University (CMU)
Contact Person: Mr. ICH Seng, RectorTel: (855) 23 882 211Fax: (855) 12 809 191 Address: # 9B, St 271, Khan Russei Keo, Phnom Penh.E-mail: info@mekong.edu.khWebsite: http://www.mekong.edu.kh/, More information (616 KB) » Asean University (AU)
Contact Person: Mr. SUN Sovannarith, RectorTel: (855) 23 986 432, 12 232 525Fax: (855) 23 986 432 Address: # 01, street 139, Khan 7 Makara, Phnom Penh.E-mail: info@asean.edu.khWebsite: www.asean.edu.kh» Chamroeun University of Polytechnology (CUP)
Contact Person: HE Mr. CHEA Chamroeun, RectorTel: (855) 23 987 795 Fax: (855) 23 987 695 Address: # 88, Street 350, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh.E-mail: cup@camintel.com.kh» Cambodia University (CU)
Contact Person:HE Mr. KAO Kim Huon, Rector Tel: (855) 23 993 274, 12 804 725 Fax: (855) 23 993 284 Address: # 143-145 Preah Norodom Blvd, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh.E-mail: info@uc.edu.khWebsite:http://www.uc.edu.kh/ » Western University (WU)
Contact Person: Mr. TE Lauren, RectorTel: (855) 23 990 699Fax: (855) 23 990 699Address: # 15, Street 528, Sangkat Beoung Kok1, Khan Toul Kork, Phnom Penh.E-mail: info@western.edu.khWebsite: http://www.western.edu.kh/ » ICS University (ICSU)
Contact Person: Ms. KHUON Sudary, RectorTel: (855) 23 724 062 Fax: (855) 23 426 104 Address: # 14, Street 214, Sangkat Beoung Raing, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh. E-mail: ics@camnet.com.kh» Khemarak University (KU)
Contact Person: Dr. NOU Chan Sophy, RectorTel: (855) 23 223 415Address: Block D Phnom Penh Center,Sothearos Blvd, Sangkat Tonle Bassac, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh. E-mail: khemarak_university@yahoo.com » Angkor University (AU)
Contact Person:Mr. KY Chinto, RectorTel: (855) 12 276 500 Address: # 1, Boey Sieng Nam, Khna village,Chriav Commune, Siem Reap District,Siem Reap Province. E-mail: angkoruniversity@yahoo.com» Newton Thilay University (NTU)
Contact Person: Mr. CHEA Thilay, RectorTel: (855) 23 224 807 Fax: (855) 23 224 807 Address: # 100, Street Pasteur, PsarTmey 3, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh.E-mail: info.ntu@ntu.edu.kh Website: http://www.ntu.edu.kh/» Asia Europe University
Contact Person: Mr. DOUNG Leang, Vice RectorTel: (855) 23 987 117 Address: # 832 ABCD, Street 128, SangkatTeuk Laak1, Khan Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh. E-mail: eai@everyday.com.khWebsite: http://www.sitc.edu.kh/» Human Resources University (HRU)
Contact Person: Mr. SENG Phally, DirectorTel: (855) 23 987 826Fax: (855) 23 987 826 Address: # 2, Street 163, Sangkat Olympic,Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh. E-mail: ihrd@everyday.com.kh» Institute of Management Science (IMS)
Contact Person: Mr. SENG Lymeng, RectorTel: (855) 12 873 539 Fax: (855) 42 941 962 Address: Monivong Street, Khom Kompong Cham,Kompong Cham District, Kompong Cham Province. » Vanda Institute
Contact Person: Mr. HENG Vanda, DirectorTel: (855) 23 213 563Fax: (855) 23 213 562 Address: # 216-218, Mao Tse Toung Blvd, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh.E-mail: vanda@camnet.com.kh » Angkor City Institute(ACI)
Contact Person: Mr. HOK Seoun, DirectorTel: (855) 23 990 424 Address: Main Compus (From Youth Center) Siem Reap Province.E-mail: aci@camintel.com » Setec Institute (SI)
Contact Person: Mr. NGOUN Sokveng, DirectorTel: (855) 23 880 612Fax: (855) 23 880 612Address: # 92, Russian Federation Blvd, Khan Tuol Kork, Phnom Penh.E-mail: setecu@camnet.com.khWebsite: http://www.setecu.com.kh/» Asia Pacific Institute(API)
Contact Person: Mr. LY Chheng, DirectorTel: (855) 23 985 823Address: # 189, Mao Tse Toung Blvd, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh. E-mail: steveloun@gmx.net» Sitc University(SITC)
Contact Person: Dr. MICHEL Yu, Vice DirectorTel: (855) 12 914 321Fax: (855) 23 986 982 Address: # 315, Street Saldegol, Sangkat Oreushi 2, Khan 7 Makara, Phnom Penh.E-mail: sii@online.com.khWebsite: http://www.sitc.edu.kh/» The Institute of Cambodia (IC)
Contact Person: Mr. VIN Socheat, RectorTel: (855) 12 737 578Fax: (855) 54 958 505 Address: # 314, National Road No 5, O Ambel District, Bantey Meanchay Province. E-mail: mailto:ic.edu.bme@yahoo.com» Intered Institute (II)
Contact Person: Mr. UNG Dipola, RectorTel: (855) 23 993 866Fax: (855) 23 994 445 Address: Level 5 of Phnom Penh Center, Sothearos Blvd, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh. E-mail: info@intered.edu.khWebsite: http://www.intered.edu.kh/» Sachak Asia Development Institute (SADI)
Contact Person: Mr. NGEM Sachak, RectorTel: (855) 12 432 275Address: # 64, Street 348, Khan Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh.
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